The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Commercial Disputes Related to Sale of Oil and Oil Products

Document Type : ISI

Authors

1 Assitant Professor of Public Law in Faculty of Law and Political Science, Tehran ‎University

2 Student of International Trade Law in Law Faculty of Shahid Beheshti University‎

Abstract

The emergency which occurs following the imposition of economic sanctions, necessitates the business transactions to be conducted through non-standard and irregular methods. Using front companies, and intermediaries, and non-transparent ways of doing banking payments have become the necessary part of Iran's foreign trade regime following the imposition of economic sanctions. Disputes raised before Iranian courts in relation to sale of Iranian crude oil through these unusual means proves the specific features of oil transactions which using these irregular methods of foreign trade may not corresponds to these specific features, This Article studies the different types of new commercial disputes which are created due to imposition of economic sanctions on sale of oil and oil products and proposes contractual solutions to mitigate the likelihood of these disputes.

Keywords


  1. منابع

    الف) فارسی

    1. «رأی پروندۀ دکل نفتی صادر شد» (۲۰ اسفند ۱۳۹۷). خبرگزاری مهر. قابل دسترس در:

    https://www.mehrnews.com/news/4565078/

    1. «رمزگشایی از جعبۀ سیاه پروندۀ بابک زنجانی» (۳۰ اردیبهشت ۱۳۹۸). خبرگزاری مهر. قابل دسترس در:

    https://www.mehrnews.com/news/4621411/

    1. «دفاعیات زیباحالت منفرد در جلسۀ دادگاه» (۱۱ خرداد ۱۳۹۸). خبرگزاری مهر. قابل دسترس در:

    https://www.mehrnews.com/news/4630882/

    1. «گفت­وگوی وکیل بابک زنجانی در خصوص تحویل محموله­ های نفت» (۲۶ دی ۱۳۹۵). خبرگزاری مهر. قابل دسترس در:

    https://www.mehrnews.com/news/3877843/

    1. لنگریج، لینهارد (1387). اعتبارات اسنادی در حقوق تجارت بین‌الملل. ترجمۀ سعید حسنی، تهران، نشر میزان.
    2. 6. «مشروح جلسۀ ششم دادگاه متهمان نفتی؛ مهدی شمس» (۳ مرداد ۱۳۹۶). خبرگزاری مهر. قابل دسترس در:

    https://www.mehrnews.com/news/4040399/

    1. «محدود کردن فعالیت شرکت کیتو» (۲۱ خرداد ۱۳۹۷). خبرگزاری مهر. قابل دسترس در:

    https://www.mehrnews.com/news/4317140/

    1. 8. مقررات متحدالشکل اعتبار اسنادی اتاق بازرگانی، نشریۀ شمارۀ 600.
    2. یاسائی، مسعود (1390). «بررسی تطبیقی اینکوترمزها از 1936 تا 2010 و مقررات قواعد اینکوترمز 2010». مجلۀ الکترونیکی واردات و صادرات. قابل دسترس در:

     http://import-export.ir/files/pdf/Incoterms_2010.pdf

    ب) خارجی

    1. Carter, Barry E; Farha, Ryan (2013). “Overview and Operation of U.S. Financial Sanctions, Including The Example of Iran”. Georgetown University Law Center, 44 Geo.J.Int'l L. p 903-913.
    2. International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea 1974.
    3. International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage 2001.
    4. International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC) 1969.
    5. International Convention on Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL).
    6. International Safety Management (ISM) Code 2002.
    7. National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013, Pub. L. No. 112-239, §§ 1241-55, 126 Stat. 1632, 2004-18 (2013) (codified at 22 U.S.C. §§ 880).
    8. OFAC Advisory to the Maritime Petroleum Shipping Community; September 4, 2019; Sanctions Risks Related to Shipping Petroleum and Petroleum Products from Iran.
    9. Statoil General Terms and Conditions for Sales, Crude Oil, Condensate and Petroleum Products including Liquefied Petroleum Gas, 2011 version.
    10. “Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures: Correspondent banking” (July, 2016) www.bis.org, Visit date: October 9th, 2021.
    11. “Iran Sanctions Breach Suspicions Prompts Bank to Seize Ships” (August 5th, 2019), www.bloomberg.com, Visit date: October 9th, 2021.
    12. “Oil Traders Rattled by U.S. Sanctions on China Tanker Firms” (September 26th, 2019), www.bloomberg.com, Visit date: October 9th, 2021.
    13. “China’s Declared Imports of Iranian Oil Hit a (Deceptive) New Low” (October 23rd, 2019), www.bourseandbazaar.com, Visit date: October 9th, 2021.
    14. “What is Ship-to-Ship Transfer (STS) and Requirements to Carry Out the Same?” (September 28th, 2021), www.marineisight.com, Visit date: October 9th, 2021.
    15. “New U.S. Sanctions Seek to Block Venezuelan Oil Shipments to Cuba” (April 5th, 2019), www.nytimes.com, Visit date: October 9th, 2021.
    16. “U.S. Tightens Squeeze on Venezuela Oil Trade, Blacklisting Four Tanker Owners” (June 2nd, 2020), www.wsj.com, Visit date: October 9th, 2021.
    17. “Difference between Letter of credit and Telegraphic Transfer (T.T)” (December 17th, 2017), www.slideshare.net, Visit date: October 9th, 2021.
    18. “Treasury Designates Shipping Network Engaged in Ship-to-Ship Transfers with North Korean Vessel” (August 30th, 2019), www.treasury.gov, Visit date: October 9th, 2021.

     

    -Cases

    1. Mamancochet Mining Ltd v Aegis Managing Agency Ltd & Others 2018.
    2. NordLB vs. Silvana Limited, Sea Dragon Group and Sea Dolphin Co: Termination of London P&I Coverage for Gas Infinity and Gas Dignity.