مطالعات حقوق انرژی

مطالعات حقوق انرژی

چالش‌های رابطۀ حقوقی دولت و شرکت ملی نفت ایران در گذار انرژی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان
محمدتقی رفیعی 1
علی آتشی 2
1 دانشیار، گروه حقوق انرژی و تجارت بین‌الملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق دانشکدگان فارابی دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران.
2 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق نفت و گاز دانشکدۀ حقوق، دانشکدگان فارابی، دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران.
10.22059/jrels.2026.406728.612
چکیده
گذار انرژی به‌عنوان تحولی ساختاری در نظام انرژی جهانی، الگوهای سنتی حکمرانی در کشورهای متکی بر نفت را با چالش مواجه کرده است. در این پژوهش رابطة حقوقی دولت و شرکت ملی نفت ایران در چارچوب الزامات گذار انرژی بررسی می‌شود. روش تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی و مبتنی بر مطالعة اسناد حقوقی داخلی و مقایسة تجارب نروژ، عربستان سعودی و چین است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد چالش‌های اصلی در سه سطح قابل شناسایی است: چالش راهبردی ناشی از تعارض مأموریت کنونی شرکت ملی نفت با ضرورت حرکت به سمت اقتصاد کم‌کربن؛ چالش نهادی ناشی از ساختار متمرکز و وابستگی بودجه‌ای؛ و چالش قراردادی ناشی از ناکارامدی الگوهای قراردادی سنتی برای پروژه‌های انرژی‌های نو. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد الگوی مناسب برای ایران، بازتعریف نقش شرکت ملی نفت به‌عنوان گروه انرژی و تقویت استقلال عملیاتی آن از طریق تدوین قانون­­گذار انرژی ملی، اجرای کارامد مواد 15 و 44 قانون برنامۀ هفتم و طراحی قراردادهای نوین انرژی است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
حکمرانی انرژی
شرکت ملی نفت ایران
دولت
قانون برنامۀ هفتم پیشرفت
گذار انرژی
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Challenges of the Legal Relationship between the Government and the National Iranian Oil Company in the Energy Transition

نویسندگان English

Mohammad Taqi Rafiei 1
Ali Atashi 2
1 Associate Professor, Department of Energy Law and International Trade, Faculty of Law, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran.
2 PhD Candidate of Oil and Gas Law, Faculty of Law, College of Farabi, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran.
چکیده English

Introduction
The global energy system is undergoing a profound structural transition driven by climate change, technological innovation, sustainable development imperatives, and geopolitical change. This transition extends beyond replacing energy sources and requires fundamental changes in energy production, distribution, consumption, and the legal and institutional frameworks governing the energy sector. For oil-dependent countries such as Iran, the challenge is twofold: maintaining short-term oil revenues while gradually reducing reliance on hydrocarbons and adapting governance structures to the demands of the energy transition. Within Iran, the legal relationship between the Government, as the owner of petroleum resources, and the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), as the principal executive entity of the hydrocarbon sector, forms the foundation of energy governance. Traditionally, this relationship has focused on maximizing oil production and export. However, the Seventh National Progress Plan, particularly its provisions on reforming the financial relationship between the Government and NIOC, represents an important step toward institutional reform. A key question is whether these reforms are sufficient to support the transition of NIOC from a conventional national oil company to a diversified energy group. Existing research has primarily examined either the traditional Government–NIOC relationship or the technical and economic dimensions of the energy transition, while the legal implications of the transition for this relationship remain underexplored. This gap is particularly significant because Iran's legal framework plays a decisive role in shaping energy governance, investment, and institutional adaptation. Accordingly, this article examines the legal challenges posed by the energy transition to the Government–NIOC relationship, evaluates the capacity of Iran's existing legal framework to address these challenges, compares the experiences of Norway, Saudi Arabia, and China, and proposes legal and institutional reforms for redefining this relationship in the era of the energy transition.

Methodology
This study adopts a descriptive-analytical legal research approach based on a review of relevant legislation, regulations, policy documents, and scholarly literature. It examines the legal framework governing the relationship between the Government of Iran and the National Iranian Oil Company, with particular emphasis on the Seventh National Progress Plan and related legislation, in light of the requirements of the energy transition. A comparative analysis of the experiences of Norway, Saudi Arabia, and China is also undertaken to develop recommendations for redefining this legal relationship during the energy transition.

Conclusion
This study demonstrates that the global energy transition has fundamentally challenged traditional hydrocarbon-based governance models and reshaped the legal relationship between the Government of Iran and the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) at the strategic, institutional, and contractual levels. Strategically, the conflict between NIOC's mandate to maximize oil production and the need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels remains the principal obstacle, compounded by the absence of a comprehensive legal framework defining national transition objectives and NIOC's future role. Institutionally, governmental control, dependence on oil revenues, and limited operational autonomy have constrained long-term investment in emerging energy technologies, while existing contractual frameworks remain unsuitable for renewable energy projects requiring long-term, risk-sharing arrangements. The comparative analysis of Norway, Saudi Arabia, and China suggests that transforming NIOC into an integrated energy group responsible for managing a diversified national energy portfolio is the most appropriate strategy for Iran. Accordingly, this study recommends enacting a National Energy Transition Law to establish measurable transition targets, redefine NIOC's mandate, and create an independent regulatory authority. It also proposes the effective implementation of Article 15 of the Seventh National Progress Plan, the establishment of an Energy Transition Investment Fund, and the adoption of modern energy contracts incorporating profit- and risk-sharing mechanisms together with environmental, social, and governance (ESG) obligations. Ultimately, Iran's successful energy transition depends on coherent legal and institutional reforms that transform NIOC into a leading energy institution capable of advancing sustainable development and strengthening the country's future energy governance.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Energy transition
National Iranian Oil Company
Government
Seventh Progress Plan Law
Energy governance
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مطالعات حقوق انرژی
دوره 11، شماره 2
اسفند 1404
صفحه 225-255