نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دکتری ، حقوق نفت و گاز ،دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
2 استادیار ،گروه حقوق ،دانشکدة کارآفرینی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
3 دانشجوی دکتری، حقوق خصوصی، دانشکدة حقوق، دانشگاه علوم قضایی و خدمات اداری، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
The upstream contracts of the oil and gas industry, due to the nature and specific characteristics of this industry, have unique characteristics that distinguish this type of contract from other types of international commercial contracts. Complexity, uncertainties, and instabilities have always existed in the oil and gas industry in the upstream sector, i.e., exploration, development, and production stages. Due to the long term of these contracts, it is always possible for events beyond the will and power and prediction of the parties to occur, which may temporarily or permanently create obstacles or delays during the implementation of these contracts. In this case, the continued existence of the contract requires the parties to determine their rights and obligations in the event of force majeure events. Accordingly, the force majeure condition is one of the most important conditions in oil contracts. Iran, as one of the countries with huge oil and gas resources, needs contracts in which the force majeure condition is considered to manage this industry in the upstream and downstream sectors.
In this research, with an analytical view, we have given a description of the developments in the inclusion of the force majeure condition in the legal system governing the upstream industry of Iran's oil and gas industry. In this context, the laws and regulations governing this industry and the concluded upstream contracts from the point of view of the force majeure condition, we have investigated to answer this main question:
Therefore, if we want to divide the history of the force majeure condition in the upstream contracts of the oil and gas industry, we must consider the existence of three different periods. The first period was the period of neglect and failure to include the force majeure condition in the contracts, which starts from the beginning of the formation of the oil contractual system in Iran, especially in the concession contracts such as Darcy's and Reuter's concessions, until before the nationalization of Iran's oil and gas industry. The second period is when the force majeure condition appeared in the oil Act of 1957 and as a result, this condition was included in most of the upstream contracts concluded between 1950 and 1978. The third period is of great importance to the condition of force majeure and is the time period after the Islamic revolution. It is well-considered and the condition related to force majeure becomes one of the most extensive conditions of oil contracts in this period. In this course, regarding the formal and substantive conditions of force majeure, the conditions of realization and the requirements for citing it, the examples of force majeure and its constituent elements, the effect of force majeure on the life of the contract, the costs incurred, the rights and obligations of the parties and how suspension or termination of the contract and exemption from contractual liability due to the occurrence of force majeure are precisely and explicitly included in oil contracts.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
منابع
الف) فارسی
https://clk.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_284_7c565de7c15f57be2207f90531a98a18.pdf (10 دی 1401)
https://jiee.atu.ac.ir/article_684.html (13 مرداد 1401)
https://irhj.sbu.ac.ir/article_94645.html (20 شهریور 1401)
ب) خارجی
11. Amon & Wanlton (1976). Introduction to French law. 3ed, London, Oxford University presses.
12. Barry, Niklas (1992). the French Contract Law. 2ed, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
13. Bunter. Michael A. G (2009). “The Iranian Buy Back Agreements”. Oil, Gas & Energy Law, OGEL 1. https://www.ogel.org/article.asp?key=2855 (Accessed 19 July 2023).
14. Charles N. Brower; Mark D. Davis (1988). “The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal after Seven Years a Retrospective View from the Inside”. Arbitration Journal, vol.43. https://arbitrationlaw.com/library/iran%E2%80%94united-states-claims-tribunal-after-seven-years-retrospective-view-inside-dispute (Accessed 9 june 2022).
15. Ghorbani, E; “Ownership of Petroleum Resources in Islam (Twelver Shia) and The Iranian law” OGEL 3 (2017). www.ogel.org.URL: www.ogel.org/article.asp?key=3691 (Accessed 13 April 2022).
16. Hossein Sadeghi (1994). “Impossibility of performance of contracts in Islamic Law a comparative analysis with particular reference to Iranian and English law”. PhD Thesis University of Liverpool.
17. NRC (2000). National Research Council (US), “Risk analysis and Uncertainty in Flood Reduction Studies”. National Academic Press.
https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9971/risk-analysis-and-uncertainty-in-flood- damage-reduction-studies (Accessed 7 April 2023).
18. Puelinckx, A.H (1986). Frustration, Hardship, Force Majeure, Imprévision, Wegfall der Geschäftsgrundlage, Unmöglichkeit, Changed Circumstances, 3 J.Int'l Arb., No. 2, at 47 et seq.pp50-79 (Accessed 15 october 2022).
19. Southington, Tom (2001). “Impossibility of Performance and Other Excuses in International Trade”. Publication of the Faculty of Law of the University of Turku, Private Law Publication Series B.
20. Trends. E (2007). Doctrine of frustration: Emerging trends. 2 the Journal of Legal Awareness. pp 130-136, available at: https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:vidhigya&volume=2&issue=1and2&article=018 (Accessed 23 may 2023).
21. Thomas W. Wälde, Renegotiating acquired rights in the oil and gas industries: Industry and political cycles meet the rule of law, The Journal of World Energy Law & Business, Volume 1, Issue 1, 1 May 2008, PP 55–97. https://doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwn005 (Accessed 7 November 2022).
22. Zaccaria, Elena Christine (2005). the Effect of Changed Circumstances in International Commercial Trade, International Trade and Business Law, Vol. 9. pp67-91.http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/IntTBLawRw/2004/6.html (Accessed 27 may 2023).
23. Zivkovic, Velimir, Hardship in French, English and German Law (October 1, 2012). Strani pravni život (Foreign Legal Life) - Časopis Instituta za uporedno pravo u Beogradu (Institute for Comparative Law in Belgrade review), January 2013, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2158583 (Accessed 15 December 2022).
)