تحلیل حقوقی شرط بندر امن در قراردادهای چارتر‌پارتی نفتکش‌ها و چالش‌های آن در شرایط تحریم اقتصادی

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه حقوق عمومی و بین‌الملل، دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 گروه حقوق عمومی و بین‌الملل، حقوق نفت‌وگاز، دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

10.22059/jrels.2023.336362.476

چکیده

امروزه اجارة نفتکش‌ها به‌منظور حمل‌و‌نقل محموله‌های نفت، فراورده‌های نفتی و گاز طبیعی مایع، نقش مهمی را در این صنعت ایفا می‌کند. یکی از مهم‌ترین تعهدات اجاره‌کننده این است که نفتکش را راهی بنادر ناامن نسازد. با شدت یافتن تحریم‌های اقتصادی در دهه‌های اخیر، شاهد توقیف و مصادرة کشتی‌ها به علت حمل محموله‌های تحریمی یا مراجعه به بنادر دولت‌های تحت تحریم هستیم. پرسش اساسی این است که آیا تحریم‌های اقتصادی می‌تواند ریسکی تلقی گردد که در چهارچوب تعهد اجاره‌کننده نسبت به بندر امن جای‌ گیرد؟ درصورتی‌که چنین امری صدق کند، چه ضمانت‌اجراهایی وجود دارد که حقوق مالکان نفتکش‌ها براساس نقض تعهد بندر امن توسط اجاره‌کننده، حفظ گردد؟ در این مقاله با بررسی استقرایی در منابع علمی، آرای قضایی و قراردادهای استاندارد چارتر‌پارتی نفتکش‌ها، به‌اجمال این نتیجه به‌دست می‌آید که تحریم‌های اقتصادی به‌عنوان ریسکی سیاسی می‌تواند باعث ناامنی بندر شود که درنتیجة آن اجاره‌‌کننده در برابر مالک کشتی مسئول تلقی می‌گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Legal Analysis of Safe Port in Tanker Charter Parties and its Challenges in the Context of Economic Sanctions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Mohamad Hassan Razavi 1
  • Mojtaba Einy 2
1 Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of Public and International Law, in Oil and Gas Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Today, the chartering of oil tankers for the purpose of transporting oil cargo, oil products and liquid natural gas plays an important role in this industry. With the intensification of economic sanctions in recent decades, we have witnessed the seizure and confiscation of ships due to the carrying of sanctioned cargoes or going to the ports of the sanctioned governments, which raises various questions regarding the legal aspects of the challenges facing these contracts.
In search of obtaining a theoretical basis for analyzing the effect of economic sanctions on the performance of oil tanker charter party contracts, regardless of the general rules of contract law such as force majeure, frustration and economic hardship and the like, we come across the obligation of the charterers towards the safe port, which in short, its purpose is that the charterer does not allow the tanker to go to unsafe ports. The basic question is whether economic sanctions can be considered a risk that can be placed in the framework of the charterer's obligation to the safe port? If this is the case, what remedy is there to protect the rights of the owners of the tankers based on the violation of the safe port guarantee by the charterer?
As a preliminary answer, it may be said that the safe port guarantee, due to the background of its formation, includes the physical and purely inherent risks of ports and refrains from economic sanctions. In this article, by inductively examining scientific sources, judicial practices, and standard charter party contracts of oil tankers, it is briefly concluded that economic sanctions as a political risk can cause port unsafety, as a result of which the charterer is considered responsible to the ship owner.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Safe Port
  • Economic Sanctions
  • Charter Party
  • Oil Tankers

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مطالعات حقوق انرژی
دوره 9، شماره 1
مرداد 1402
صفحه 99-118

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